和平研究：弗朗茨·杰德利卡（Franz Jedlicka）的关注点

此为自动翻译，如有错误，请谅解。

弗朗茨·耶德利卡出生于维也纳，是一位奥地利社会学家和和平研究员。

他最初研究的是普遍存在的儿童抚养暴力对各国和平的负面影响。

暴力文化量表 – Culture of Violence Scale：

后来，他还利用国际数据研究了其他形式的暴力（例如，

针对妇女的暴力、死刑、酷刑），

并将它们汇编成一个衡量世界各国暴力文化程度的量表：

“暴力文化量表”。这项研究的结果是，

只有那些由于法律并未禁止而早已接受多种暴力形式的国家才会发动战争或武装冲突。

具体而言，

战争的责任人几乎总是那些在这些文化中亲身经历过暴力的政治人物。

立法与和平的关系 – Legislation-Peace Nexus：

对于耶德利奇卡来说，这项研究的结论是：那些希望变得更加和平，

或增强自身对全球和平的贡献的国家，必须通过法律禁止一切形式的暴力，

尤其是对儿童的体罚（可持续发展目标 16.2）。这就是

“立法与和平的纽带”，发展政策也应将其纳入考量，即参考

“三重纽带”（“HDP 纽带”）。

“和平主流化战略”- Peace Mainstreaming：

然而，非暴力冲突解决应在社会各个领域推行：

杰德利卡称之为“和平主流化”战略。

女性平等以及对所有人权的尊重也在这一战略中发挥着关键作用。

同时，那些希望变得更加和平或巩固和平的国家应该采取促进同理心的方法。

这些方法主要包括为人们提供各种机会，让他们彼此讨论，

以增进相互理解。合适的方法包括“非暴力沟通”（马歇尔·B·罗森伯格）、

“同理心圈”、“共同咨询”以及老年人分享记忆的会议。

心理讨论小组在遭受创伤的国家尤为重要，在这些国家，

对话必须有助于处理所经历的痛苦，以防止其重演或传递给下一代。

避免媒体暴力也是“和平主流化”战略的一部分，同时，

通过促进关爱和同理心的措施，弘扬和平的男子气概也同样重要。

例如，为父亲提供育儿假，以及在社会职业和医疗保健领域提拔男性。

年轻人完成学业后必须参加一年的社会活动，也能增强社会的同理心。

本文也可在其他媒体发表，只要内容不发生改变并注明作者即可。

(Licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0. To view a copy of this license, 

visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ )

Исследования в области мира и психология

Это автоматический перевод. Пожалуйста, извините за любые ошибки.

Франц Едличка (Franz Jedlicka), родившийся в Вене, австрийский социолог и 

исследователь мира. Первоначально он исследовал негативное

 влияние широко распространенного насилия в воспитании детей

 на миролюбие отдельных стран.

Шкала культуры насилия (Culture of Violence Scale):

Позже он также исследовал другие формы насилия (например, 

 в отношении женщин, смертную казнь, пытки), используя

 международные данные, и составил из них шкалу, измеряющую

 степень культуры насилия в странах по всему миру: «Шкалу

 культуры насилия». Результатом этого исследования является

 то, что только те страны начинают войны или вооруженные

 конфликты, в которых многие формы насилия уже были приняты,

 поскольку они не запрещены законом. Подробно, люди,

 ответственные за войну, почти всегда являются политическими

 деятелями, которые сами испытали насилие в этих культурах.

Связь между законодательством и миром (Legislation-Peace Nexus):

Для Едлички вывод из этого исследования заключается в том, что

 страны, которые хотят стать более миролюбивыми или укрепить

 свое миролюбие в отношении глобального мира, должны 

запретить все формы насилия законом, особенно телесные

 наказания детей (SDG 16.2). Это «связь законодательства

 и мира», которую также следует учитывать в политике развития, 

а именно в отношении «тройной связи» («связь HDP»).

Стратегия внедрения принципов мира (Peace Mainstreaming):

Однако ненасильственное разрешение конфликтов должно 

практиковаться во всех сферах общества: Едличка называет 

это стратегией «внедрения мира». Равенство женщин, а также 

уважение всех прав человека также играют ключевую роль 

в этой стратегии. В то же время страны, которые хотят стать 

более миролюбивыми или укрепить свое миролюбие, должны 

практиковать методы поощрения эмпатии. Они в первую очередь 

включают различные возможности для людей обсуждать вещи 

друг с другом, чтобы лучше понимать друг друга. Подходящие 

методы для этого включают «ненасильственное общение» 

(Маршалл Б. Розенберг), «круги эмпатии», «совместное 

консультирование» и встречи для пожилых людей, чтобы 

поделиться своими воспоминаниями. Психологические 

дискуссионные группы особенно важны в травмированных 

странах, где диалог должен помочь пережить пережитые 

страдания, чтобы предотвратить их повторение или передачу 

следующему поколению.

Избегание насилия в СМИ также является частью стратегии

 «мирного мейнстриминга», как и поощрение мирной мужественности 

посредством мер, которые способствуют заботливой, чуткой 

мужественности. Например, через отпуск по уходу за ребенком 

для отцов и продвижение мужчин в социальных профессиях и 

карьере в секторе здравоохранения. Обязательный социальный 

год для молодых людей после окончания школы также может 

сделать общество более чутким.

Данная статья может быть также опубликована в других 
СМИ при условии сохранения ее содержания и указания автора:
(Licensed under CC BY-ND 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ )

What is Peace Mainstreaming?

Peace mainstreaming, a term coined by peace researcher Franz Jedlicka, is a long-term peace strategy that should be implemented within a country if the political forces within that country strive to make it more stable and peaceful. However, it is not a method of conflict resolution between two countries.

On the one hand, peace mainstreaming means recognizing and reducing violence, oppression and discrimination in all areas of society. On the other hand, it means promoting a culture of empathy by propagating and practising the principle of non-violent conflict resolution in all areas of society. Furthermore, peaceful ideals of masculinity must be promoted.

Most important for the first area is a ban on all forms of violence, starting with the ban on violence in child-rearing and violence against women (Legislation-Peace Nexus). For the second part, it is important to make known and practice communication models that are characterized by attentive listening (e.g. empathy circles). This is the only way to recognize human suffering and provide appropriate help. Non-violent masculinity can be achieved by promoting active fatherhood, but also by increasing the number of men in social and healthcare professions (caring masculinities).

Translations in other languages will be published on https://franzjedlicka.wordpress.com  and https://sites.google.com/view/peace-studies/ 

What is the Legislation-Peace Nexus?

 .. read more in this article.

How World Peace can be achieved from a Peace Research Perspective

by Franz Jedlicka

Many people want peace in the world. When it comes to world peace, there is a simple principle that applies to many things in life: you should learn from those who do things better than you. That means you can learn from the most peaceful countries in the world. Three important characteristics of these countries are: democracy, a consistent legislation of non-violence, and a high level of gender equality.

   In this text I would like to focus on the second and third characteristic, since the importance of democracy for peacefulness is widely known.

   My peace research, in which I have analyzed the legislation in all countries of the world regarding various forms of violence (Culture of Violence Scale), shows the following: Peaceful countries have banned ALL forms of violence by law. This is the case, for example, in most countries of the European Union. Violence in child rearing, violence against women, the death penalty, torture, judicial corporal punishment, and violence against homosexuals are all banned there.

   A government that wants to show its citizens that violence is not a means of resolving conflicts in any situation must also enshrine this in legislation. The laws of a country are the basis for people's behavior and usually also the basis of their morality. Only an absolute ban on all forms of violence demonstrates a consistent policy of non-violence.

   The most important thing from the perspective of peace psychology is the prohibition of child corporal punishment. A violence-free childhood is the psychological foundation of a peaceful society, but unfortunately corporal punishment of children is currently (2025) only banned in about a third of countries worldwide. Political actors who have understood this must act on this issue as quickly as possible, because it takes around twenty years for a non-violent generation to grow up. Information on helpful strategies can be found in the recommendations of the EndCorporalPunishment website and the free publications of the INSPIRE strategy. Neither the USA nor Russia nor other global players will probably become sustainably peaceful as long as violence against children is permitted there.

   What applies to child protection also applies to violence against women: it must be prohibited by law, just like marital rape (spousal rape). How can a country be peaceful if beating women and children is already permitted? There is also an intersectionality between domestic violence against women and violence in child-rearing: they often occur together, and many people who experienced violence as children or observed violence between their parents repeat this behavior. They have seen with their own eyes that violence is a permitted means of resolving conflicts.

   In addition to legislation regarding the forms of violence mentioned, equal rights for women is also an important factor for peace. The higher it is, the more peaceful a country is. This has also been proven statistically, for example by Valerie Hudson (and co authors). A lack of gender equality and women’s rights is a sign of "structural violence" (a term coined by peace researcher Johan Galtung). The same applies to the oppression of homosexuals and LGBTIQ+ people. The UN has also taken this insight into account: in UNSC Resolution 1325, it recommends the participation of women in peacebuilding processes, for example in peace negotiations.

   Religions, for example "Religions for Peace", will only contribute to world peace if they support all three factors mentioned above: a democratic form of government, a consistent legal ban on all forms of violence, starting with a ban on child corporal punishment and a ban on violence against women, and gender equality. However, they will hinder world peace if they tolerate or even promote some forms of violence or discrimination that I have mentioned. Unfortunately, this is still the case with physical punishment in child-rearing and violence against women and homosexuals. Even the current Pope Francis has recommended the spanking of children several times. Without probably knowing it, he is thereby hindering his own peace mission. Unfortunately, many religions also hinder or even prevent equal rights for women.

   Religious leaders and all other political actors who have not yet understood the negative effects of violent discipline should read the books and texts of Alice Miller, and those who have previously believed that people are fundamentally evil and must be brought back to the right path through severe punishment should read the “Seville Statement on Violence”, which was written by leading psychologists and says the opposite. The book "Humankind" by Rutger Bregman also proves the natural peacefulness of people.

  What does this mean for the peace movement? It means that it will not be enough to demonstrate for peace on the streets. Activists in the peace movement must campaign for democracy, for a legal ban on all forms of violence, and for gender equality. This will require international activism, such as that carried out by Amnesty International. Especially men in peace movements must speak out clearly for equal rights for women, for example by supporting the HeForShe campaign or wearing the White Ribbon of the White Ribbon campaign, a worldwide movement of men against domestic violence.

   The above factors must also be taken into account in development aid and development policy. The “Triple Nexus approach”, also known as the HDP Nexus, already recommends that development aid and humanitarian aid activities should be complemented by peacebuilding activities. For example, could the importance of raising children without violence always be emphasized in development cooperation?

   Journalists can also play an important role in the issue of world peace. They should keep explaining the connections that I have listed here today. When it comes to authoritarian political leaders who also pose a threat to peacefulness, as experience has shown, journalists should try to research the childhood of these persons. Psycho-historical research, which has analyzed the biographies of politicians, has shown that warmongers and dictators themselves experienced violence in their childhood. You can read about this in Sven Fuchs's publications, for example. If this fact is recognized in time, it may be possible to prevent negative developments regarding peace. Unfortunately, it was overseen regarding Hitler, Putin and many other political actors who have started wars..

   Finally, it is also about what people can do who currently live in a country full of violence. It will not be easy, but they should try to discuss the societal trauma of their country in self-help groups or sharing circles in order to work through it. There must be time and space in these groups to express grief, but there should also be discussions afterwards about how to break the cycle of violence in the future, especially if this cycle has already started in one's own family. The psychological term for this is "transgenerational trauma".

   The psychological origins of hatred should also be discussed. It is understandable if hatred arises because oneself or one's own country has been attacked or oppressed. But it would be important to recognize the hatred that arose from violence or neglect experienced in childhood. And it is just as important to recognize the hatred that arises from envy or longing that one represses or suppresses. The psychologist Arno Gruen has written important texts on this, and George Lakoff's "Strict father model" is also relevant: it explains why people who had a strict father tend to vote for authoritarian politicians. This linkage has been examined already over seventy years ago under the terms "authoritarian character" and "authoritarian personality" (by Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Erich Fromm and Max Horkheimer).

   But even peaceful countries have to be careful of negative developments that can endanger their peacefulness. One silent danger is the increasing violence in the media and on social media. Crime dramas and series are increasingly showing detailed violence. The result is that many people are becoming desensitized. News programs are apparently still following the old dogma that "only bad news is good news." Even in peaceful countries, people are being told that violence is normal, instead of reporting on the factors that strengthen peace: democracy, the activities of social associations and civil society, educational initiatives, an inclusive social and health policy, a balancing tax system that avoids excessive inequalities. And of course, computer games in which people can be killed and injured are to be rejected. Mostly they are being developed in countries where there is a higher culture of violence than in the European Union.

   All the paths to world peace that I have mentioned are certainly not strategies that work quickly. Of course, for current armed conflicts there is the necessity for conducting peace negotiations: ideally, as I have already explained, by women. Mediation methods such as non-violent communication and empathy circles can also be helpful.

   But in my opinion, anyone who strives for sustainable world peace must take into account all the points I have listed here, even if they only become effective in the longer term. And politicians who really pursue peace as their highest goal should try to learn from the most peaceful countries in the world.

This article has been published under a BY-ND 4.0 creative commons license, which means it can be re-published in other publications (even commercial) or on other websites, if you include the link to this website and if you do not alter the text.

Culture of Violence Scale

The Culture of Violence Scale is a tool for estimating the acceptance of violence within societies. 

According to our research - and based on the theories of Johan Galtung - wars in the 21st century are only started by countries / societies where violence is accepted in other societal areas as well: In the upbringing of children (corporal punishment), in the treatment of women (domestic violence), the acceptance of capital punishment (the death penalty),  to name a few factors.

You can find it on Researchgate and on LinkedIn (free downloads)

A good article about our work ..

    .. was published on PRESSENZA.com in May 2023.

   Your can read it >> HERE